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Understanding Cauvery Water Dispute: A Century-Old Struggle Between Tamil Nadu & Karnataka

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The Cauvery River, traversing the southern Indian states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and the Union Territory of Puducherry, has been at the center of one of the most heated water disputes. This enduring clash, referred to as the Cauvery water dispute, originates from historical accords and conflicting requirements.

In recent developments, this issue has resurfaced, causing significant turmoil in Karnataka. Kannada groups have launched protests throughout the state, disrupting normal life on numerous occasions. Similarly, Cauvery water plays a crucial role in sustaining Tamil Nadu’s farming community, especially during the cultivation of their ‘Kuruvai’ crop. Around 30 lakh acres of agricultural land in the Cauvery delta region rely on the river’s water for their farming endeavors.

Farmers from both Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have mobilised, advocating for the resolution of the Cauvery water-sharing dispute.

What reignited the controversy?

The recent dispute arose when Karnataka refused to comply with previously agreed-upon water release quotas. Tamil Nadu insisted on a release of 10,000 cusecs of water over a 15-day period, while Karnataka proposed a lower release of 8,000 cusecs for the same duration. Karnataka justified its stance by pointing to inadequate inflow caused by reduced rainfall in the Cauvery catchment area, including its source in Kodagu. The state government stated that from June to August, Kodagu experienced a rainfall deficit of 44%.

To assert its demand, Tamil Nadu approached the Supreme Court to ensure Karnataka’s release of 24,000 cubic feet per second (cusecs) of water from its reservoir. In response, Karnataka argued before the Supreme Court that Tamil Nadu had failed to acknowledge that 2023 constituted a “distressed water year,” not a “normal water year.”

Karnataka’s Deputy Chief Minister, DK Shivakumar, subsequently requested a reconsideration of this decision due to water scarcity issues in the Cauvery basin area since the onset of this year’s monsoon season. Consequently, the state formally wrote to the Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA), urging them to review the order to release 10,000 cusecs to Tamil Nadu.

Following discussions during a meeting held on Tuesday, the Cauvery Water Regulation Committee recommended that Karnataka initiate a release of 3,000 cusecs at Biligundlu, commencing from September 28th until October 15th.

History of the dispute

The Cauvery River, known as the “Ganges of the South,” holds immense importance as a crucial water source for the southern states. Its primary usage lies in irrigation, supporting the livelihoods of countless farmers.

This conflict has its origins in the colonial period, during which the British administration formulated agreements to distribute the river’s waters between the princely states of Mysore and Madras Presidency (present-day Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, respectively).

1892 Agreement: The 1892 Agreement between the State of Mysore and Madras pertained to the initiation of new irrigation projects along the river’s course. However, it did not hold the same significance as the 1924 agreement, which would eventually become the root cause of the dispute.

1924 Agreement: In 1910, Mysore proposed the construction of the Kanambadi dam on the Cauvery River. Concurrently, Madras also put forth an irrigation project on the same river. When Madras raised objections to the second phase of the Kanambadi project, it led to the intervention of the Indian government.

Initially, there was hope that the two states could reach a mutually acceptable agreement. However, when this proved unfeasible, a Court of Arbitration, presided over by Sir Henry Griffin, was appointed to address the matter.

Under Griffin’s supervision, an agreement was fashioned on February 18, 1924, intended to remain in effect for the subsequent 50 years. Comprising ten clauses, the 1924 agreement stipulated that, for at least the following five decades, Tamil Nadu and Puducherry would receive 75 percent of the Cauvery water allocation, while 23 percent would be allocated to Mysore, with the remaining share flowing into Kerala, then known as Travancore.

Dispute continues in independent India

Following the state reorganisation in 1956, Tamil Nadu obtained 75 percent of the Cauvery water allocation, which led to an expansion of its irrigated areas. However, the issues continued to persist.

To address the ongoing disputes, the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal (CWDT) was established in 1990 with the purpose of arbitrating the water-sharing matter. The tribunal issued its final order in 2007.

According to the tribunal’s ruling, Kerala received an allocation of 30 tmc (thousand million cubic feet), Karnataka was allotted 270 tmc, Tamil Nadu received 419 tmc, and Puducherry was granted 7 tmc.

On February 16, 2018, the Supreme Court issued a unanimous verdict that resulted in a reduction of Karnataka’s annual water releases from 192 TMC to 177.25 TMC, consequently diminishing Tamil Nadu’s water allocation as well.

In accordance with the court’s directives, the Cauvery Water Management Authority was established by the Central government on June 1, 2018, to enforce the judgment.

The present

On August 14, the Tamil Nadu government approached the Supreme Court, seeking its intervention to compel Karnataka to promptly release 24,000 cubic feet per second (cusecs) of water from its reservoirs.

Tamil Nadu urged the Court to instruct Karnataka to adhere to the release of 36.76 TMC of water, as mandated for September 2023 by the final award of the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal (CWDT) in 2007.

Karnataka argued that diminished rainfall in the Cauvery catchment area, encompassing regions in Kerala, had resulted in insufficient inflow into its reservoirs.

Chief Minister Siddaramaiah elucidated that historically, whenever there was an excess of water in the reservoirs, Karnataka willingly supplied it to Tamil Nadu. However, unfavorable conditions this year have left Karnataka unable to do so.

Upon reaching the court, the Supreme Court declined to interfere with the orders of the Cauvery Water Management Authority and Cauvery Water Regulation Committee.

These directives mandated Karnataka to maintain the release of 5,000 cusecs of water to Tamil Nadu.

On September 18, the Cauvery Water Management Authority reaffirmed the necessity for Karnataka to persist with the release of 5,000 cusecs (cubic feet per second) of water to Tamil Nadu, aligning with the prior order issued by the Cauvery Water Regulation Committee on September 12.

Contending Perspectives

The Karnataka government maintains that the terms of the 1924 agreement, which had a 50-year expiration date, should not be applicable to the current water distribution scenario.

Karnataka also argues that when the agreement was forged, Tamil Nadu was under British governance, while Karnataka was a princely state, potentially limiting its ability to effectively assert its interests.

In contrast, Tamil Nadu asserts that making fundamental alterations to the 1924 agreement would prove detrimental to both regions. Tamil Nadu contends that the original understanding during the negotiation of the agreement was for its clauses to be reviewed after 50 years rather than completely overhauled.

Maharashtra

Sadanand Date appointed as Maharashtra Police chief, Rashmi Shukla takes charge

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Sadanand Date took over as DGP of Mumbai Maharashtra from his counterpart Rashmi Shukla. After the retirement of Rashmi Shukla, the state government had recommended the names of senior IPS officers including Date, after which Date was made a contender for the post of DGP. Sadanand Date has also rendered excellent service as the head of the National Security Agency NIA. He has played an important role in the investigation of the Delhi Red Fort bomb blast, Pahalgam attack and the extradition of the main accused of Mumbai attacks, Tahur Hussain Rana. In 92% of the cases registered by the NIA, the accused have been convicted. Date was first transferred to the Maharashtra cadre and then he was appointed as Rashmi Shukla’s successor today. Other issues including administration in Maharashtra are also a big challenge for Date. Date is skilled in his work. He has previously worked in many sensitive places. Date has also rendered good service as the head of Maharashtra ATS. Apart from this, he also had the honor of being elected the first Police Commissioner of Mira Bhayandar Commissionerate. Sadanand Date is considered an honest and dutiful officer. First, he met Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis and then took charge of his post. Date is a 1990 batch IPS officer of Maharashtra cadre.

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Mumbai Press Exclusive News

Mumbai BMC elections: Abu Asim Azmi appeals to disgruntled Samajwadi Party workers

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In the Mumbai Municipal Corporation elections, Samajwadi Party leader and MLA Abu Asim Azmi has appealed to the claimants deprived of party tickets that if for some reason any candidate has not got a party ticket, the party leadership will provide them with an opportunity in the future, but in this election, they should show unity with the Samajwadi Party candidates for the problems and rights of the people. He said that in the BMC elections, the Samajwadi Party had decided to field candidates on 150 seats so that the socialist ideology would be promoted. The candidates on the party ticket were provided with tickets and the candidates also filed their candidatures, but unfortunately, many claimants did not get tickets because there were many difficulties in the distribution of tickets. Thank you to everyone for contesting elections on the party ticket in Mumbai and promoting the party’s ideology. Candidates were announced in several wards in a phased manner and 150 candidates have been fielded for the election phase. Abu Asim Azmi said that I appeal to all the workers and contenders to work for the party candidate instead of getting angry over the deprivation of the ticket because it is our responsibility to strengthen the party and promote the ideology of the Samajwadi Party. The candidates who have not been given a chance this time should not be unhappy. The election is not just for one candidate but for the ideology of the party. Whoever is given the ticket, he is the face and candidate of the Samajwadi Party. Therefore, the party should support the candidate and strengthen the party. It is a victory of unity. You will all work for the Samajwadi Party to raise your voice on the problems of the citizens and I am sure that the Samajwadi Party will make history this time.

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Maharashtra

Mumbai Municipal Corporation General Elections: Election Officer issues strict instructions to implement election rules and code of conduct guidelines, security arrangements tightened

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The Mumbai Municipal Corporation General Elections are a very important process of democracy and the responsibility of conducting them successfully, transparently and fairly lies with all the concerned central and state officers and employees. It is mandatory to record every action correctly and timely as per the rules during the period of the code of conduct. Discipline, peace and justice are the fundamental aspects of the election process and they should be strictly followed. Municipal Commissioner and District Election Officer Bhushan Gagrani has given a stern warning that no kind of mistake, negligence or violation of rules will be tolerated. The election laws and guidelines should be strictly implemented at every stage. Shri Gagrani also informed that if these instructions are followed, the trust of the citizens in the administration will be strengthened. In connection with the Mumbai Municipal Corporation General Elections 2025-26, Municipal Commissioner and District Election Officer Bhushan Gagrani held a meeting of the Chief Monitoring Committee today. The meeting held at the Municipal Corporation headquarters discussed in detail the preparations for the pre-elections, law and order, strict adherence to the code of conduct, the work of various flying squads and monitoring of suspicious and large-scale transactions. On this occasion, Gagrani gave necessary instructions to the concerned agencies.

On this occasion, Additional Municipal Commissioner Dr. Ashwini Joshi, Joint Commissioner of Police (Law and Order) Mr. Satyanarayan Chaudhary, Special Duty Officer (Election) of the Municipal Corporation Mr. Vijay Balmwar, Joint Commissioner (Tax Assessment and Collection) Mr. Vishwas Shankarwar, Additional Collector of the Deputy Commissioner (Municipal Office) Mr. Paresh Shankarwar were present. (Konkan Division) Frog Macadam, Assistant Commissioner (Tax Assessment and Collection) Mr. Gajanan Belle was accompanied by representatives from the Reserve Bank of India, well-known District Banks, Airport Authority of India, Central Industrial Security Force, Central Reserve Police Force, Railway Protection Force, Indian Coast Guard and other departments of the State Department. Municipal Corporation Commissioner and District Election Officer Bhushan Gagrani said that the Municipal Corporation administration and the election machinery are committed to ensuring that the Mumbai Municipal Corporation general elections 2025-26 are held in a completely fearless, free, transparent and orderly atmosphere.

Comprehensive and extensive preparations have been made in this regard. The role of various machinery is very important in the entire election process. To promote democratic values ​​and ensure that the electoral process remains fair, transparent and credible, all central and state machinery should strictly follow the code of conduct framed by the State Election Commission and should fully cooperate with the municipal corporation administration. Gagrani appealed that good planning should be done to create a positive, exemplary and exemplary example in the electoral process. Joint Commissioner of Police (Law and Order) Satyanarayan Chowdhury said that necessary police personnel have been made available for the flying squads established in the administrative divisions of the municipal corporation. The place where the Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) has been placed and necessary security has been deployed at the counting centre. Police security will be provided during the transportation of the EVM. A contingency plan for the elections has been prepared by the police department. The process of confiscation of weapons has been initiated. Notices have been sent to all arms holders by the Mumbai Police Department. Orders for confiscation of weapons have been issued as per the report of the local police station. Precautionary measures and necessary deportation cases are being disposed of immediately. Instructions have been given to the Deputy Commissioner, Assistant Commissioner, Police Inspector to take necessary action to maintain law and order. Social media is being monitored independently. Chaudhry said that the responsibility has been entrusted to the Cyber ​​Cell of the police.

If illegal money is being transferred at airports and railway stations, regular action should be taken in this regard. Action should be taken to report suspicious and large-value transactions to the Income Tax Department as per the existing procedure. It was also directed in this meeting that reports of large and suspicious withdrawals of money and gift cards should also be reported immediately to the Income Tax Department.

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