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Tale of Mumbai’s rising trend of air pollution

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Every winter, smog-filled days and nights across entire north India are a common thing and by contrast, the western region looks much cleaner.

However, a new analysis of regional air pollution levels by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) has shown that proximity to the sea has not helped in containing the increasing air pollution in the financial capital, Mumbai.

Even though winter pollution levels in the western region are not as high as that seen in the Indo-Gangetic Plains due to its proximity to the sea and improved ventilation, the levels have been seen to be increasing despite the geographical advantages and favourable meteorology, the CSE analysis said.

In other words, increasing air pollution is not restricted to winters but is now an yearlong problem in Mumbai too.

“The number of bad-air days in Mumbai have doubled between 2019 and 2021, while good days are down by 20 per cent. This underscores the urgency of scaling up action across all sectors to prevent further worsening and to arrest the trend in this region,” executive director, research and advocacy, CSE, Anumita Roychowdhury said.

This new analysis, released on Wednesday, of real time pollution data is part of CSE’s air quality tracker initiative and also has an assessment of annual and seasonal trends in PM2.5 concentration for the period January 1, 2019, to January 9, 2022.

This analysis is based on the real time data available from the current working air quality monitoring stations. Review of data availability from the automated monitoring stations in the region under the continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations (CAAQMS) programme of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) shows major data gaps. When it comes to data availability calculated as number of days with adequate PM2.5 data for computation of a valid 24-hour average, among Mumbai stations, Kurla in east-central Mumbai had only 55 per cent data while Malady (West) in north Mumbai came up with 68 per cent.

“It is not clear why these stations have such poor data availability despite minimal problems of electricity and internet connectivity in the region,” said CSE’s programme manager, Urban Data Analytics Lab, Avikal Somvanshi.

Like other cities in Maharashtra and Gujarat, studied as part of the same analysis by CSE, Mumbai too has indicated a rising trend in annual PM2.5 levels after an initial drop during 2020 (when there were lockdowns) with a rebound and a rising trend visible in 2021.

The CSE analysis to indicate that the number of bad-air quality days are increasing in Mumbai is supported with Air Quality Index (AQI) data. Daily AQI analysis based on 10 oldest stations shows a 20 per cent drop in the number of good AQI days in the city between 2019 and 2021 — while days with poor or very poor AQI have doubled.

South Mumbai has the worst air within the city during winter: In December 2021, the stations in south Mumbai reported significantly higher PM2.5 levels compared to the rest of the city.

Mazgaon with a monthly average of 134 micrograms per cubic metres was the most polluted neighborhood of the city, followed by Navy Nagar, Colaba (124 micrograms per metre cube), Kurla (101 micrograms per metre cube), Vile Parle-West (101 micrograms per metre cube) and Worli (97 micrograms per metre cube).

Khindipada, in north Mumbai, which is at the edge of Sanjay Gandhi National Park in the suburbs with a monthly average of 54 micrograms per metre cube was the least polluted neighborhood. Bandra and Malad (West) reported low numbers, but the values are not considered valid due to a significantly large amount of missing data from these two stations, the CSE analysis showed.

Maharashtra

Mumbai: AI to be used for special surveillance during Ganesh immersion, police instructed to be alert to deal with crowding and chaos: Joint Police Commissioner

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A high alert has been issued in Mumbai for the Ganesh Visarjan (immersion) on Anant Chaturdashi, and the police have asserted that robust security arrangements are in place. Manoj Kumar Sharma, Joint Commissioner of Police (Law and Order), stated that necessary security measures have been finalized for the occasion. The deployment includes 6 Joint Commissioners, 9 Additional Commissioners, 38 DCPs, 66 ACPs, 3,100 officers, and over 18,000 personnel, alongside specialized units such as the Quick Response Team (QRT), Anti-Riot Squad, and Delta Force, as well as Home Guards. To enhance surveillance in crowded areas, the police have begun utilizing Artificial Intelligence (AI); compared to last year, AI will be used to manage crowds and monitor Ganpati Mandals and immersion processions more effectively. Additionally, it is mandatory for Mandals to complete the immersion process within the scheduled timeframe.

Compliance with regulations regarding noise pollution and other guidelines is obligatory for everyone; the police will take action against any Mandal found violating these rules. Manoj Kumar Sharma noted that Mumbai has long been a target for terrorists, necessitating stringent security arrangements across the city. Watchtowers have been erected at immersion sites, and special surveillance will be maintained at major immersion locations, including the Lalbaug procession route. Manoj Kumar Sharma further stated that necessary instructions have been issued to the police to prevent chaos or stampede-like situations amidst the crowds during the Ganpati Visarjan; additionally, the police have requested the Ministry of Railways to maintain 24-hour railway services.

Mumbai’s traffic police are also fully prepared for the Ganpati Visarjan. Addressing a press conference in Mumbai, Joint Commissioner of Police (Traffic) Satyanarayan Chaudhary stated that over 3,000 traffic police officers and personnel would be deployed on the roads, with orders to remain alert in congested areas. Cranes will be utilized to prevent traffic jams. During the immersion process, 84 roads in Mumbai have been closed, and 20 roads have been designated as one-way to ensure devotees face no inconvenience; furthermore, ‘no-parking’ zones have been identified, and parking arrangements have been made. Special measures have been implemented at locations including Juhu Chowpatty, Girgaon Chowpatty, and the Gateway of India, and five temporary control rooms have been set up for monitoring purposes.

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Maharashtra

MLA Raees Sheikh has demanded, in a letter to CM Devendra Fadnavis, that the minority community should be given a chance on the seat vacated by Justice Chauhan’s resignation.

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Mumbai: Retired Justice RC Chavan has resigned from the Maharashtra Uniform Civil Code (UCC) draft committee, and a representative from the minority community should be appointed in his place. Rais Shaikh, the Samajwadi Party MLA from Bhiwandi East, made this demand, stating that such a move would enhance the committee’s prestige and credibility. MLA Rais Shaikh has written a letter to Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis regarding this matter. Speaking on this issue, MLA Rais Shaikh pointed out that the Maharashtra UCC Draft Committee was constituted in July under the leadership of retired Supreme Court Justice Ranjana Desai. The committee has a tenure of six months. Not a single representative from the minority community has been included in the committee. Consequently, the committee is viewed with suspicion, and Justice Chauhan’s resignation has further tarnished its credibility. A political agenda drives the BJP’s move to draft the UCC. The BJP-led ‘Mahayuti’ governments at both the central and state levels are pushing for the implementation of this law with an eye on the elections. This law poses a threat to the country’s cultural diversity. Furthermore, it would effectively abolish the personal laws governing divorce, inheritance, marriage, and adoption across various religions. MLA Shaikh stated that it is for these reasons that the minority community views the UCC with skepticism.
Through this UCC law, the BJP is attempting to impose the norms and regulations of the majority community. To dispel doubts regarding the proposed legislation and address objections raised against the draft committee, it is essential to include a representative from the minority community in the committee. MLA Shaikh asserted that the minority community and tribal populations would be severely affected by this law.

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Maharashtra

Mumbai: Abu Asim Azmi appeals to CM to stop action against 14-foot high slums

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Mumbai: In light of the proposed action by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) against slum structures standing 14 feet or taller, Samajwadi Party MLA Abu Asim Azmi met with Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis and submitted a detailed memorandum. Azmi demanded that residents of these slums be rehabilitated before any displacement occurs, that the proposed action be halted, and that an investigation be launched against the municipal officers and employees responsible for the unauthorized constructions.
The BMC has planned a special drive running from October 1, 2016, to December 31, 2026, targeting slum structures with a height of 14 feet or more. According to municipal data, there are a total of 223,150 slum structures in Mumbai, of which 39,111 have been identified as meeting the 14-foot-or-taller criterion. This figure comprises 31,227 structures in the eastern suburbs, 4,536 in the western suburbs, and 3,348 in Mumbai city.
Azmi drew the Chief Minister’s attention to the fact that this move would jeopardize the housing security of thousands of poor and working-class families in Mumbai. He pointed out that many families have been residing for years in areas such as Govandi, Mankhurd, Shivaji Nagar, and Dharavi, and that sudden demolition action against them would be inappropriate. Consequently, he demanded an individual inspection of each slum structure to verify the residents’ eligibility, available documentation, rehabilitation status, and any structural modifications made to the buildings. The government has periodically formulated various policies and ‘cut-off dates’ to determine the eligibility of slum dwellers. Government provisions regarding eligibility have been applied to slums dating back to 1995, the year 2000, and subsequently up to 2011. Therefore, Azmi argued that—solely on the grounds that a hut exceeds 14 feet in height—it is essential to examine each case individually before initiating any sweeping action. Furthermore, he pointed out that neither can a new hut be constructed nor the height of an existing one increased without the knowledge of local municipal authorities and staff. Consequently, Azmi demanded that, rather than holding only the slum dwellers responsible for unauthorized constructions, the concerned officials and staff who were negligent in performing their duties or who deliberately turned a blind eye during construction should also be held accountable. Presenting his stance to the Chief Minister, Azmi stated, “An investigation must be conducted into what local authorities were doing while unauthorized constructions were proliferating. It is imperative to fix accountability on the concerned officials before taking action against poor residents. No family should be rendered homeless without proper rehabilitation arrangements for eligible residents.” During discussions with Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis, a demand was made for a decision that takes the sensitivity of the entire matter into account. Furthermore, the memorandum called for a separate survey of huts in Mumbai exceeding 14 feet in height (to compile a list of eligible and ineligible residents), concrete rehabilitation measures, and action against culpable officials and staff in accordance with the rules.
MLA Abu Asim Azmi has demanded an immediate decision on this matter, the issuance of clear and necessary directives to the concerned authorities, and a guarantee from the government that no family is left homeless as a result of demolition operations.

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