Politics
Places of Worship Act put to test as Gyanvapi mosque case goes to Supreme Court
The three-page legislation — The Places of Worship Act, 1991 — is at the centre of the row over videographic survey carried out at the Gyanvapi mosque in Varanasi, where a Shivling was purportedly discovered.
The law has been invoked by the Committee of Management, Anjuman Intezamia Masajid Varanasi, which manages the Gyanvapi mosque, before the Supreme Court, saying mischievous attempts were being made to change the character of the mosque, which existed for 500 years.
In the Ayodhya judgment, the Supreme Court had said that the Act is intrinsically related to the obligations of a secular state and it reflects the commitment of India to equality of all religions.
However, in the Gyanvapi mosque matter, the Act will be put to legal scrutiny and face a test, in view of the ethos of secularism.
A bench comprising Justices D.Y. Chandrachud, Surya Kant, and P.S. Narasimha observed that the survey of a structure to ascertain its religious nature is not barred under the Act.
The committee moved the top court under Order 7, Rule 11 of the Civil Procedure Code against the maintainability of the suit, filed by five Hindu women seeking enforcement of their right to worship Goddess Shringar Gauri and other deities inside the mosque.
The masjid committee has also questioned the appointment of a commissioner for the video survey of the mosque, as it was barred under the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, and pointed at the fallout of entertaining a suit in gross violation of the provisions of the 1991 Act.
The counsel representing the masjid committee argued in the apex court that similar mischief is being attempted in connection with four-five other mosques and objected to the trial court order to protect an area which had been used for the last 500 years by Muslims as ‘wuzu khana’ (ablution pond).
The Places of Worship Act, 1991 had its own share of controversies. The then Union Home Minister, S.B. Chavan, while moving the Bill in the Lok Sabha had said that it is a measure to provide and develop our glorious traditions of love, peace and harmony.
However, the BJP, then main Opposition party, had opposed the Bill tooth and nail, and termed it as another attempt by the Congress government to appease the minorities.
The Central government notified the Act to forestall fresh claims by any community about the previous designation of any religious place of worship and also subsequent attempts to regain land, on which they stood.
The Places of Worship Act, 1991 begins by saying, “An Act to prohibit conversion of any place of worship and to provide for the maintenance of the religious character of any place of worship as it existed on the 15th day of August, 1947, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.”
Section 4 of the Act says, “It is hereby declared that the religious character of a place of worship existing on the 15th day of August, 1947 shall continue to be the same as it existed on that day.”
The Section 4(2) of the Act says any suit, appeal or other proceeding with respect to the conversion of the religious character of any place of worship, existing on August 15, 1947, is pending before any court, tribunal or other authority, the same should abate, and no fresh suit or legal proceedings would be instituted.
And, the proviso to this section clarifies that only those litigations are allowed, where conversion has taken place in the religious character after August 15, 1947. The offence under the Act is punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and also a monetary penalty.
According to the Act, if a person attempts to convert any place of worship, or is part of a conspiracy, she/he can face a jail term.
The Act has put the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid dispute outside its domain of operation. However, the Supreme Court in its Ayodhya judgment cited its importance. In November 2019, the Supreme Court ruled in favour of the Hindu side paving the way for the construction of Ram temple in Ayodhya.
The apex court had then said The Places of Worship Act is intrinsically related to the obligations of a secular state and it reflects the commitment of India to the equality of all religions.
“Above all, The Places of Worship Act is an affirmation of the solemn duty which was cast upon the state to preserve and protect the equality of all faiths as an essential constitutional value, a norm which has the status of being a basic feature of the Constitution. There is a purpose underlying the enactment of The Places of Worship Act. The law speaks to our history and to the future of the nation,” the top court had said.
The five-judge bench had said: “Historical wrongs cannot be remedied by the people taking the law in their own hands. In preserving the character of places of public worship, the Parliament has mandated in no uncertain terms that history and its wrongs shall not be used as instruments to oppress the present and the future.”
The apex court had said The Places of Worship Act imposes a non-derogable obligation towards enforcing “our commitment to secularism under the Indian Constitution and the law is hence a legislative instrument designed to protect the secular features of the Indian polity, which is one of the basic features of the Constitution”.
“Non-retrogression is a foundational feature of the fundamental constitutional principles of which secularism is a core component. The Places of Worship Act is thus a legislative intervention which preserves non-retrogression as an essential feature of our secular values,” it had said.
On May 20, 2022, the top court noted that ascertaining the religious character of a place of worship through a procedure known to the law, will not fall foul of The Places of Worship Act, 1991. The top court has shifted the trial of the suit by the Hindu parties from civil judge, senior division, to the district judge.
The top court said its May 17 interim order — protecting the ‘Shivling’, purportedly discovered during the survey, and free access to Muslims for ‘namaz’ — will remain operational for eight weeks, after the district judge’s decision in the matter, so as to allow the aggrieved parties to appeal against the decision.
The Supreme Court has scheduled the Gyanvapi case for hearing in July.
Crime
DHFL loan fraud: ED attaches properties worth Rs 40 crore in Delhi, Maharashtra

The ED attached immovable properties worth Rs 40 crore in connection with a money-laundering investigation arising out of the bank loan fraud committed by Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Ltd (DHFL) and its promoters, Kapil Wadhawan and Deeraj Wadhawan, an official said on Monday.
The provisional attachment was carried out by the Directorate of Enforcement (ED), Headquarters Investigation Unit, under the provisions of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002.
The properties attached in connection with the ongoing case comprise land parcels at Karjat, district Raigad, Maharashtra, and a residential plot at Shanti Niketan, New Delhi, the ED said.
The ED investigation was initiated on the basis of an FIR registered by the CBI, AC-VI, New Delhi, under various sections of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, pursuant to a complaint filed by Union Bank of India on behalf of a consortium of 17 banks.
As per the FIR, Kapil Wadhawan, Dheeraj Wadhawan and others entered into a criminal conspiracy to cheat the consortium of banks, which had sanctioned credit facilities aggregating to Rs 42,871 crore to DHFL.
The loan funds were siphoned off and misappropriated through falsification of the books of accounts of DHFL, resulting in a wrongful loss of Rs 34,615 crore to the consortium lenders, the ED said.
The ED investigation revealed that the Wadhawans controlled around 225 companies, directly or through family members, associates and employees.
Forensic audits of DHFL identified 66 entities connected to the promoters to which loans and advances of over Rs 29,100 crore were disbursed, the ED said.
The investigation has further revealed that Rs 11,549 crore was diverted from DHFL to 87 promoter-controlled entities through a fictitious “Bandra Branch.” Through this branch, large disbursals to Wadhawan Group entities were split and disguised as home loans in the names of about 2.60 lakh fictitious retail borrowers.
The inflated retail loan book enabled DHFL to raise further borrowings from banks, evade regulatory scrutiny and conceal related-party transactions, the ED said.
It may be recalled that the ED has already filed a chargesheet before the Special Court (PMLA), Mumbai, against 17 accused including Kapil Wadhawan and Dheeraj Wadhawan, followed by a Supplementary Chargesheet against 5 more accused.
Earlier, during search operations conducted on August 19, 2026, the ED had frozen $5.41 million (Rs 51.75 crore) linked to the disposal of a foreign asset of the Wadhawan family, said the statement.
Investigation revealed that in 2018-19, DHFL diverted proceeds of crime of Rs 40.40 crore to two Mumbai-based proprietorship concerns, namely Reliable Services and Millennium Services, belonging to Harish Dedhiya and his wife Dhara Dedhiya. These payments were made against fictitious services which were never rendered, the ED said.
National News
Licensed gun used in cheetah killing recovered; two brothers arrested: MP govt

Two brothers have been arrested for allegedly shooting a 19-month-old male cheetah in Madhya Pradesh’s Sheopur district, and the licensed gun used in the incident has been recovered from a forest area in neighbouring Morena district, the Forest Department’s Special Task Force (STF) said on Monday.
The accused, identified as Bhagwan Singh and Pritam Singh, were arrested during the investigation into the death of cheetah KNG-22, which was found seriously injured in the territorial forests of Sheopur on October 25.
According to an official statement, Bhagwan Singh, a resident of Navalpura-Behrara village in Morena district, was arrested on October 31. During interrogation, he allegedly disclosed that he and his brother had gone hunting in the forest near Nitanwas village in Vijaypur on October 24.
“On spotting the cheetah in the area, he fired at it with his licensed double-barrel muzzle-loading gun and fled from the spot,” the statement said.
Acting on the information provided by Bhagwan Singh, the STF, with the assistance of Morena Police, also took his brother Pritam Singh into custody.
Both accused were taken to the suspected crime scene for identification, and the firearm used in the shooting was recovered from the Morena forest area during their identification.
The STF said a four-member team comprising forest and police officials was constituted by the state government to investigate the incident.
The team developed an informer network and conducted search operations with the assistance of a dog squad. It also collected information with the help of Morena Police and the forest divisions of Sheopur and Morena. A case has been registered against both accused under Sections 9 and 51 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, as amended in 2022.
“During the investigation conducted so far, no involvement of any commercial illegal wildlife trade or organised wildlife crime gang has been found in this case,” the statement said.
Notably, KNG-22, a male cheetah born to female cheetah Nirva at Kuno National Park, was rescued from forest compartment number 748 in Sheopur on October 25 after being found in an injured condition.
It was initially taken to Kuno and later shifted to Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University in Jabalpur for specialised treatment. During emergency surgery, veterinarians recovered five firearm pellets from its body.
Despite medical treatment, the cheetah died on October 27.
The Centre had also deputed a three-member team comprising officials of the National Tiger Conservation Authority and the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau to investigate the circumstances surrounding the incident and examine the protection measures for cheetahs under Project Cheetah.
The incident has raised concerns over the safety of cheetahs moving outside the protected areas of Kuno National Park.
National News
Delhi-NCR pollution: GRAP stage II restrictions enforced as AQI crosses 300 ahead of Diwali

The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) on Monday invoked Stage-II of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) across Delhi and the entire National Capital Region with immediate effect after Delhi’s daily average Air Quality Index (AQI) rose to 324, placing it in the ‘Very Poor’ category.
According to the daily AQI bulletin issued by the Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi recorded an average AQI of 324 on November 2. The CAQM Sub-Committee for operationalisation of GRAP reviewed the current air quality scenario and the forecast provided by the India Meteorological Department and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology.
The forecast indicated that Delhi’s overall air quality is likely to remain in the ‘Very Poor’ category in the coming days. In view of this, the Sub-Committee unanimously decided to implement the complete action plan under Stage-II of the extant GRAP in the entire NCR with immediate effect, in addition to the Stage-I measures already in force.
Under Stage-II, agencies have been directed to carry out mechanical and vacuum sweeping of identified roads on a daily basis along with water sprinkling, preferably during night or early morning hours, while enhancing the number of shifts and hours of machine deployment and ensuring proper disposal of collected dust at designated sites.
Daily water sprinkling with dust suppressants must be undertaken before peak traffic hours on roads and congestion points. Focused and targeted actions are to be intensified at all identified pollution hotspots in Delhi-NCR, with remedial measures strengthened for the predominant sources of pollution in each hotspot.
Inspections for strict enforcement of dust control measures at construction and demolition sites have also been ordered to be intensified. The authorities have been instructed to enhance vehicle parking to discourage the use of private transport.
Resident Welfare Associations have been directed to necessarily provide electric heaters with proper electricity supply to staff engaged in security, sanitation, horticulture and other services so as to prevent open burning of biomass and municipal solid waste during winters.
The governments of Delhi and NCR states have been asked to stagger timings of public offices and municipal bodies in the National Capital Territory of Delhi and the districts of Gurugram, Faridabad, Ghaziabad and Gautam Buddha Nagar.
State governments may also take a decision to stagger timings in other parts of the NCR, while the Central Government may consider staggering timings of its offices in the region.
CAQM has urged citizens to strictly follow the steps listed in the Citizen Charter under Stage-II along with those under Stage-I. Residents have been advised to minimise the use of personal vehicles, prefer public transport or car-pooling, avoid open burning of leaves, garbage or biomass, and fully cooperate with the implementing agencies.
Agencies responsible for implementing GRAP measures, including the Pollution Control Boards of NCR states and the Delhi Pollution Control Committee, have been directed to ensure strict implementation of all Stage-II actions in addition to Stage-I measures.
The Commission stated that it is closely monitoring the situation and will review the air quality scenario on a regular basis in the coming days. The complete schedule of the extant GRAP is available on the Commission’s official website.
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