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Understanding Cauvery Water Dispute: A Century-Old Struggle Between Tamil Nadu & Karnataka

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3 years ago

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The Cauvery River, traversing the southern Indian states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and the Union Territory of Puducherry, has been at the center of one of the most heated water disputes. This enduring clash, referred to as the Cauvery water dispute, originates from historical accords and conflicting requirements.

In recent developments, this issue has resurfaced, causing significant turmoil in Karnataka. Kannada groups have launched protests throughout the state, disrupting normal life on numerous occasions. Similarly, Cauvery water plays a crucial role in sustaining Tamil Nadu’s farming community, especially during the cultivation of their ‘Kuruvai’ crop. Around 30 lakh acres of agricultural land in the Cauvery delta region rely on the river’s water for their farming endeavors.

Farmers from both Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have mobilised, advocating for the resolution of the Cauvery water-sharing dispute.

What reignited the controversy?

The recent dispute arose when Karnataka refused to comply with previously agreed-upon water release quotas. Tamil Nadu insisted on a release of 10,000 cusecs of water over a 15-day period, while Karnataka proposed a lower release of 8,000 cusecs for the same duration. Karnataka justified its stance by pointing to inadequate inflow caused by reduced rainfall in the Cauvery catchment area, including its source in Kodagu. The state government stated that from June to August, Kodagu experienced a rainfall deficit of 44%.

To assert its demand, Tamil Nadu approached the Supreme Court to ensure Karnataka’s release of 24,000 cubic feet per second (cusecs) of water from its reservoir. In response, Karnataka argued before the Supreme Court that Tamil Nadu had failed to acknowledge that 2023 constituted a “distressed water year,” not a “normal water year.”

Karnataka’s Deputy Chief Minister, DK Shivakumar, subsequently requested a reconsideration of this decision due to water scarcity issues in the Cauvery basin area since the onset of this year’s monsoon season. Consequently, the state formally wrote to the Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA), urging them to review the order to release 10,000 cusecs to Tamil Nadu.

Following discussions during a meeting held on Tuesday, the Cauvery Water Regulation Committee recommended that Karnataka initiate a release of 3,000 cusecs at Biligundlu, commencing from September 28th until October 15th.

History of the dispute

The Cauvery River, known as the “Ganges of the South,” holds immense importance as a crucial water source for the southern states. Its primary usage lies in irrigation, supporting the livelihoods of countless farmers.

This conflict has its origins in the colonial period, during which the British administration formulated agreements to distribute the river’s waters between the princely states of Mysore and Madras Presidency (present-day Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, respectively).

1892 Agreement: The 1892 Agreement between the State of Mysore and Madras pertained to the initiation of new irrigation projects along the river’s course. However, it did not hold the same significance as the 1924 agreement, which would eventually become the root cause of the dispute.

1924 Agreement: In 1910, Mysore proposed the construction of the Kanambadi dam on the Cauvery River. Concurrently, Madras also put forth an irrigation project on the same river. When Madras raised objections to the second phase of the Kanambadi project, it led to the intervention of the Indian government.

Initially, there was hope that the two states could reach a mutually acceptable agreement. However, when this proved unfeasible, a Court of Arbitration, presided over by Sir Henry Griffin, was appointed to address the matter.

Under Griffin’s supervision, an agreement was fashioned on February 18, 1924, intended to remain in effect for the subsequent 50 years. Comprising ten clauses, the 1924 agreement stipulated that, for at least the following five decades, Tamil Nadu and Puducherry would receive 75 percent of the Cauvery water allocation, while 23 percent would be allocated to Mysore, with the remaining share flowing into Kerala, then known as Travancore.

Dispute continues in independent India

Following the state reorganisation in 1956, Tamil Nadu obtained 75 percent of the Cauvery water allocation, which led to an expansion of its irrigated areas. However, the issues continued to persist.

To address the ongoing disputes, the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal (CWDT) was established in 1990 with the purpose of arbitrating the water-sharing matter. The tribunal issued its final order in 2007.

According to the tribunal’s ruling, Kerala received an allocation of 30 tmc (thousand million cubic feet), Karnataka was allotted 270 tmc, Tamil Nadu received 419 tmc, and Puducherry was granted 7 tmc.

On February 16, 2018, the Supreme Court issued a unanimous verdict that resulted in a reduction of Karnataka’s annual water releases from 192 TMC to 177.25 TMC, consequently diminishing Tamil Nadu’s water allocation as well.

In accordance with the court’s directives, the Cauvery Water Management Authority was established by the Central government on June 1, 2018, to enforce the judgment.

The present

On August 14, the Tamil Nadu government approached the Supreme Court, seeking its intervention to compel Karnataka to promptly release 24,000 cubic feet per second (cusecs) of water from its reservoirs.

Tamil Nadu urged the Court to instruct Karnataka to adhere to the release of 36.76 TMC of water, as mandated for September 2023 by the final award of the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal (CWDT) in 2007.

Karnataka argued that diminished rainfall in the Cauvery catchment area, encompassing regions in Kerala, had resulted in insufficient inflow into its reservoirs.

Chief Minister Siddaramaiah elucidated that historically, whenever there was an excess of water in the reservoirs, Karnataka willingly supplied it to Tamil Nadu. However, unfavorable conditions this year have left Karnataka unable to do so.

Upon reaching the court, the Supreme Court declined to interfere with the orders of the Cauvery Water Management Authority and Cauvery Water Regulation Committee.

These directives mandated Karnataka to maintain the release of 5,000 cusecs of water to Tamil Nadu.

On September 18, the Cauvery Water Management Authority reaffirmed the necessity for Karnataka to persist with the release of 5,000 cusecs (cubic feet per second) of water to Tamil Nadu, aligning with the prior order issued by the Cauvery Water Regulation Committee on September 12.

Contending Perspectives

The Karnataka government maintains that the terms of the 1924 agreement, which had a 50-year expiration date, should not be applicable to the current water distribution scenario.

Karnataka also argues that when the agreement was forged, Tamil Nadu was under British governance, while Karnataka was a princely state, potentially limiting its ability to effectively assert its interests.

In contrast, Tamil Nadu asserts that making fundamental alterations to the 1924 agreement would prove detrimental to both regions. Tamil Nadu contends that the original understanding during the negotiation of the agreement was for its clauses to be reviewed after 50 years rather than completely overhauled.

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Maharashtra

Mumbai Cyber ​​Cell arrests 6 members of organized gang in major operation; Beware of cyber fraudsters; Digital arrest has no legal status; DCP Bajrang Bansode

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17 hours ago

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September 17, 2026

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Mumbai: The Mumbai Cyber ​​Cell has claimed to expose a gang that extorted money from victims by using the tactic of “digital arrest”—threatening to implicate them in false cases to instill fear. In one instance, a complainant was defrauded of ₹1.12 crore after being subjected to “digital arrest” and intimidated with threats of legal action regarding a ₹238 crore money laundering case involving a fake SIM card, alongside the receipt of a forged Supreme Court notice. The police successfully apprehended a total of six accused individuals in this case, including the Operations Manager and an IT web developer from IndusInd Bank. The North Cyber ​​Police registered a case under various sections of the BNS (Sections 204, 308(7), 61(2), 318(4), 319(2), 336(2), 336(3), 338, 340(2), 238) and the IT Act (Sections 66, 66). The complainant, a 68-year-old senior citizen residing in Dahisar, was targeted between July 30, 2026, and September 12, 2026. The accused contacted him via WhatsApp video calls, posing as officials from the Department of Telecommunications (Bharatiya Door Sanchar Vibhag). They alleged that a money laundering case involving ₹238 crore had been registered against him in Delhi, claiming his SIM card had been used in the scheme. By sending a fake Supreme Court notice and threatening arrest, they placed the complainant under “digital arrest” and defrauded him of ₹1,12,26,000. The accused orchestrated this highly sensitive crime by concealing their true identities and systematically impersonating police officers—wearing uniforms and utilizing the names, seals, and letterheads of government authorities and national investigative agencies. They repeatedly intimidated the complainant with the threat of arrest during video calls to coerce him into transferring funds to specific bank accounts. To receive the proceeds of the fraud, the cyber criminals utilized current accounts held in various banks under the names of different individuals and companies. The investigation team of the North Cyber ​​Police Station, Mumbai, skillfully handled the case… Through persistent effort and a positive investigation—understanding the modus operandi and tracing leads from the initial-level bank accounts used in the crime—the police identified and arrested individuals involved in buying and selling current accounts to receive fraud proceeds (linked to “digital arrest” scams) and those responsible for layering the illicit funds. Items recovered from the arrested individuals include 2 laptops, 20 mobile phones, bank accounts belonging to 25 different individuals, ATM cards, passbooks, and Aadhaar cards. The arrested individuals are: 1) Rajesh Kumar Mohanlal Jain (54, 12th-grade education; resident of Dadar East, Mumbai; bank account holder); 2) Mohammad Tariq Anwar Momin (49, 12th-grade education; resident of Dadar East, Mumbai; facilitator for opening and supplying bank accounts of various individuals); 3) Shekhar Mukesh Tyagi (28, B.Com/BMA; resident of Sion, Mumbai; Operations Manager at IndusInd Bank); 4) Gaurav Mahesh Goyal (40, BE from IIT Delhi; resident of Goregaon East, Mumbai; web developer); and 5) Ajay Kumar Kaliprasad Sharma (35, BA; resident of Bhiwandi Road, Thane district; facilitator providing mobile-based access). A case has been registered at the Bandra/Prabhadevi Police Station under Sections 420, 409, 120(b), and 34. 6) Chintan Kumar Sureshbhai Desai (age…). (46 years old; educated up to B.A.; resident of Mora Bhagal, Ranadil Road, behind SBI Bank, Surat, Gujarat; the individual responsible for layering the complainant’s funds through associates.)

Modus Operandi of the Accused
Abhay Dev Gold Prali is the Director of the company and is identified as Arrested Accused No. 1. The company holds a registered account with IndusInd Bank. The mobile numbers of both Arrested Accused No. 1 and the other director are linked to this account. Arrested Accused No. 2 purchased two new mobile phones from a shop in Dadar East. Into one phone, he inserted the SIM card belonging to the company’s second director (linked to the aforementioned bank account), and into the other, he inserted the SIM card belonging to Arrested Accused No. 1 (also linked to the same account). Arrested Accused No. 2 handed both phones over to Arrested Accused No. 3, who served as the Operational Manager/Head at IndusInd Bank. Arrested Accused No. 3 kept the phone containing the second director’s SIM card for himself and then handed it over to Arrested Accused No. 5. Meanwhile, he inserted the SIM card linked to Arrested Accused No. 1’s account into the other phone and handed it to Arrested Accused No. 4 (a web developer), who subsequently passed it to Arrested Accused No. 6. Arrested Accused No. 6 traveled by air from Mumbai to Delhi and then to Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh. There, with the help of associates, he transferred the complainant’s funds from the aforementioned account. Through this cyber fraud scheme—which involved subjecting the complainant to “digital arrest”—a total of ₹1,12,26,000 was fraudulently obtained. The said remarkable performance has been done by Police Commissioner Mumbai, Devin Bharti, Joint Police Commissioner Anil Kanbhare, Additional Police Commissioner Crime Krishan Kant Upadhyay, DCP Cyber ​​Cell Bajrang Bansode, ACP Suvarna Shinde.

Appeal to Citizens: Follow these guidelines to stay safe from the “digital arrest” cyber scam. Agencies such as the Police, CBI, ED, RBI, or any government body do not conduct “digital arrests”; there is no such provision in the law. Do not accept video calls from strangers or send money to them. Pay attention to any noticeable changes in the behavior or mood of family members. If you fall victim to a digital arrest scam, immediately inform your family, relatives, or the police. If you receive a call regarding a digital arrest, contact your nearest police station immediately, call the helpline numbers 100 or 1930 for assistance, or register a complaint at http://www.cybercrime.gov.in.

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Maharashtra

Municipal Commissioner Ashwini Bhide visits Mumbai’s Veermata Jijabai Bhosale Botanical Garden and Zoo to inspect various ongoing projects and initiatives.

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19 hours ago

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September 17, 2026

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Mumbai: Municipal Commissioner Ashwini Bhide visited the Veermata Jijabai Bhosale Botanical Garden and Zoo in Byculla (East) today (September 17, 2026) to review the various ongoing projects and initiatives there.

During the visit, Ashwini Bhide viewed the hibiscus exhibition at the garden. She also planted a ‘Century Palm’ sapling within the premises as part of the Central Government’s ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ (A Tree in Mother’s Name) campaign and to commemorate Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi’s birthday.

Furthermore, she inspected the construction progress of the ‘tunnel aquarium’ being built within the garden and zoo complex and issued instructions to complete the construction work by January 2027.
Additional Municipal Commissioner (Eastern Suburbs) Dr. Avinash Dhakne, Deputy Commissioner (Gardens) Ajit Kumar Ambi, Director (Zoo) Dr. Sanjay Tripathi, and Garden Superintendent Jitendra Pardeshi, along with other concerned officials and staff, were present on the occasion. A hibiscus exhibition has been organized at the Veermata Jijabai Bhosale Botanical Garden and Zoo, showcasing approximately 50 varieties of hibiscus flowers in various colors. The exhibition is open to the public. On this occasion, Ms. Ashwini Bhide appealed to citizens to visit the exhibition and view the diverse varieties of hibiscus flowers.

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Maharashtra

Mumbai: Death of tiger Bijli (T2) in Sanjay Gandhi National Park

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19 hours ago

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September 17, 2026

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Mumbai: The administration of Sanjay Gandhi National Park announces the death of the tigress Bijli (T2), aged approximately 18 years and 4 months, who passed away at 9:45 PM on September 16, 2026, due to age-related health issues.

She had been a beloved member of the Sanjay Gandhi family since 2016. Over the years, she captivated the hearts of countless visitors. A gradual decline in her food intake had been observed over the past month, prompting close monitoring of her health. Appropriate veterinary and supportive care was being provided by the veterinary officer under the guidance and technical advice of the Technical Veterinary Advisory Team from Western Maharashtra. Despite their tireless medical efforts and constant monitoring, Bijli peacefully breathed her last at 9:45 PM on September 16, 2026. Bijli had been brought to Sanjay Gandhi National Park from Pench Tiger Reserve on July 11, 2016, and remained under the care and protection of SGNP for over a decade. Her long association with Sanjay Gandhi National Park was a significant part of the park’s wildlife management, conservation education, and captive animal care initiatives. Although Bijli (T2) passed away due to old age, a standard post-mortem examination will be conducted to determine the exact cause of death. The SGNP administration appeals to all wildlife enthusiasts and animal lovers to share their memories and photographs of Bijli (T2) on social media platforms so that we may honor her legacy and her contribution to wildlife conservation. The park administration once again expresses its sorrow over the loss of the tigress Bijli (T2). This announcement is issued by the Sanjay Gandhi National Park administration, Borivali, Mumbai.

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