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15-year study details origins, diversity of every known mineral

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A 15-year study led by the Carnegie Institution for Science details the origins and diversity of every known mineral on the Earth, a landmark body of work that will help reconstruct the history of life on the earth, guide the search for new minerals and ore deposits, predict possible characteristics of future life, and aid the search for habitable planets and extraterrestrial life.

In twin papers published by American Mineralogist and sponsored in part by NASA, Carnegie scientists Robert Hazen and Shaunna Morrison detail a novel approach to clustering (lumping) kindred species of minerals together or splitting off new species based on when and how they originated.

Once mineral genesis is factored in, the number of “mineral kinds” — a newly-coined term — totals more than 10,500, a number about 75 per cent greater than the roughly 6,000 mineral species recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) on the basis of crystal structure and chemical composition alone.

“This work fundamentally changes our view of the diversity of minerals on the planet,” says Hazen, Staff Scientist with the Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington DC.

“For example, more than 80 per cent of earth’s minerals were mediated by water, which is, therefore, fundamentally important to mineral diversity on this planet. By extension, this explains one of the key reasons why the moon and mercury and even mars have far fewer mineral species than the earth.”

“The work also tells us something very profound about the role of biology,” he adds. “One third of earth’s minerals could not have formed without biology — shells and bones and teeth, or microbes, for example, or the vital indirect role of biology, such as by creating an oxygen-rich atmosphere that led to 2,000 minerals that wouldn’t have formed otherwise.”

“Each mineral specimen has a history. Each tells a story. Each is a time capsule that reveals earth’s past as nothing else can.”

According to the paper, nature created 40 per cent of earth’s mineral species in more than one way — for example, both abiotically and with a helping hand from cells — and in several cases used more than 15 different recipes to produce the same crystal structure and chemical composition.

Of the 5,659 recognized mineral species surveyed by Hazen and colleagues, nine came into being via 15 or more different physical, chemical and/or biological processes — everything from near-instantaneous formation by lightning or meteor strikes, to changes caused by water-rock interactions or transformations at high pressures and temperature spanning hundreds of millions of years.

And, as if to show she has a sense of humour, nature has used 21 different ways over the last 4.5 billion years to create pyrite (aka Fool’s Gold) — the mineral world’s champion of diverse origins.

Pyrite forms at high temperature and low, with and without water, with the help of microbes and in harsh environments where life plays no role whatsoever.

Composed of one part iron to two parts sulfide (FeS2), pyrite is derived and delivered via meteorites, volcanoes, hydrothermal deposits, by pressure between layers of rock, near-surface rock weathering, microbially-precipitated deposits, several mining-associated processes, including coal mine fires, and many other means.

To reach their conclusions, Hazen and Morrison built a database of every known process of formation of every known mineral.

Relying on large, open-access mineral databases, amplified by thousands of primary research articles on the geology of mineral localities around the world, they identified 10,556 different combinations of minerals and modes of formation, detailed in the paper, “On the paragenetic modes of minerals: A mineral evolution perspective.”

National News

Reach the last mile of society through public service: Maha Dy CM Eknath Shinde tells Shiv Sena state chiefs

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New Delhi, Sep 3: Emphasising that Shiv Sena is a party for the common man fighting for public rights, party’s Chief leader and Maharashtra Deputy Chief Minister Eknath Shinde has called upon every office-bearer and worker to take the party to the last person in society through welfare initiatives.

He also announced on Wednesday that Shiv Sena will donate ambulances across 25 states in the country.

He made these remarks while addressing a review meeting of State Shiv Sena Presidents from various states.

Deputy Chief Minister Shinde instructed party leaders to work effectively on critical issues such as education, sports, employment, women’s welfare, healthcare, water, roads, and agriculture.

He gave clear directions that if needed, office-bearers should step up and lead agitation in “Shiv Sena style” in their respective states to secure justice for the public.

To further strengthen the party’s base at the grassroots level, Eknath Shinde advised organising state-level sports competitions across various states over the coming months.

To accelerate party growth, Deputy CM Shinde directed that appointments of key functionaries be completed immediately across all states.

“This primarily includes selecting state-level office-bearers, women’s wing chiefs, Yuva Sena leadership, and leaders for other affiliated organisations. State chiefs were instructed to submit a concrete “Action Plan” to the party leadership within the next two months, tailored to the political and social conditions as well as upcoming elections in their respective states.”

Deputy CM Shinde suggested that office-bearers take direct initiative in resolving daily civic issues, including drinking water supply, road repairs, healthcare services, solid waste management, school maintenance, and clean public toilets.

To expand the party’s footprint, he clarified during the meeting that a widespread “Shiv Sena Membership Drive” must be launched across all states to ensure the party reaches the last village and household.

All state chiefs expressed their determination to celebrate Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s birthday and his 25 years of successful public service on a grand scale through various social welfare programs.

During this dedicated service week, blood donation camps, health drives, and job fairs for youth will be organised nationwide, alongside the distribution of notebooks and educational materials to underprivileged students, the statement said.

“Shiv Sena office-bearers work not just for politics, but for social welfare. Strengthening the party network down to the booth level and rushing to the aid of people in their times of need is our ultimate goal,” Deputy CM Shinde reiterated to the state leaders.

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Crime

Property dealer shot dead outside gym in Delhi Narela

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New Delhi, Sep 3: A property dealer was shot dead by three unidentified assailants outside a gym in north Delhi Narela on Thursday morning, officials said.

Police have said that they suspect the killing may be linked to an extortion attempt.

According to officials, the deceased has been identified as Pramod Dahiya, a resident of Haryana’s Sonipat district.

The incident took place at around 7 a.m. when the attackers allegedly arrived on a scooter, opened fire at Dahiya and fled the spot after the shooting, officials said.

They added that the murder seems to be connected to an extortion-related attempt.

Police teams have begun investigating the circumstances surrounding the incident and are examining CCTV camera footage from the area to identify the assailants and establish the exact sequence of events.

The body of the deceased has been sent for post-mortem examination. Police are currently investigating the case, while further details are awaited.

The Narela killing comes against the backdrop of a similar high-profile murder involving Haryanvi singer and YouTuber Ankit Baliyan, who was shot dead outside a gym in Shamli, Uttar Pradesh, on August 26.

Baliyan was attacked outside the gym by armed assailants, and investigators suspect that his murder was connected to a gang rivalry allegedly triggered by one of his songs. The case subsequently led to a major investigation by the Uttar Pradesh Police and Special Task Force.

According to the investigation, the Gogi gang is suspected to have orchestrated the killing of Baliyan.

On August 31, the Uttar Pradesh STF, along with the local police, shot dead two accused, identified as Sumit and Mohit, during an encounter. Both the suspected shooters were residents of Sonipat in Haryana and had previous criminal records.

Following the encounter, the Shamli Police announced a reward of Rs 1 lakh each for information leading to the arrest of the two remaining suspected shooters, identified as Satyam Kadyan and Aryan Sandhu.

The two accused are currently absconding, and efforts are underway to trace them.

The investigation into the Baliyan murder has also brought the name of Rakesh alias Pappu to the fore. He is suspected of being the mastermind behind the conspiracy and is currently lodged in Karnal Jail in Haryana.

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Crime

SSB nabs man with 952 grams brown sugar near India-Nepal border

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Kolkata, Sep 2: The Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) conducted a raid at a house near the India-Nepal border in the early hours of Wednesday and seized 952 grams of suspected brown sugar. The value of the narcotics could be more than Rs 40 lakh in the illicit market, officials said.

One person has been taken into custody in this connection.

“Around 5 a.m. on September 2, acting on specific information received from the intelligence setup of 41 Bn SSB, a joint operation was conducted by personnel of G Company, Bhatgaon, A Company, Nimuguri, and a team from Galgalia Police Station at the residence of Md Jalal (60), at Thika Toli, Galgalia, Kishanganj, Bihar. During the operation, 952 gms of suspected brown sugar was recovered in five packets from the house, with the help of a sniffer dog. A mobile detection kit verified it to be narcotics. A keypad mobile phone was also recovered from the accused,” a senior SSB official said.

During interrogation, Jalal allegedly disclosed that his son-in-law, named Md Shamshad Alam, is involved in the dealing of narcotics and the packets belonged to him. The police verified the facts and confirmed that Alam is a history sheeter and has been involved in several narcotics smuggling cases.

The seized packets, along with the accused and the phone, have been handed over to the Galgalia Police Station.

On August 30, a joint team of the SSB and police had apprehended a woman from Galgalia with 50 grams of brown sugar. She had revealed that her husband and son are involved in the drug trade.

Drug trafficking is rampant in the area close to the India-Nepal border. Criminals take advantage of the boundary between Bihar and West Bengal and the international border to carry out their nefarious activities, authorities said.

“Once they cross over into West Bengal, the Bihar Police have no jurisdiction and vice versa. The police have no jurisdiction close to the border, while the SSB can’t operate too far inside. The criminals are aware of this and take advantage,” another official said.

The unique nature of the border between India and Nepal also poses a problem for the enforcers. Citizens of both countries require no passports or visas to move across, and not everybody can be searched without a valid reason.

Cross-border trafficking of drugs also takes place. In the past, Indians have been apprehended in Nepal with drugs, while citizens of that country have been found in possession in India. The heavy tourist footfall in Nepal and the demand for banned substances is also an issue.

Officials suspect that several gangs operate in the area. Over time, better co-ordination has evolved between the various agencies, and there is regular information sharing. Intelligence networks have also been activated for information about criminals.

“Apart from maintaining vigil along the border, we co-ordinate with central and state agencies to prevent crime in the area. Locals are also regularly told to seek out help to keep the area crime-free for their own sake,” the SSB official added.

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