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15-year study details origins, diversity of every known mineral

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A 15-year study led by the Carnegie Institution for Science details the origins and diversity of every known mineral on the Earth, a landmark body of work that will help reconstruct the history of life on the earth, guide the search for new minerals and ore deposits, predict possible characteristics of future life, and aid the search for habitable planets and extraterrestrial life.

In twin papers published by American Mineralogist and sponsored in part by NASA, Carnegie scientists Robert Hazen and Shaunna Morrison detail a novel approach to clustering (lumping) kindred species of minerals together or splitting off new species based on when and how they originated.

Once mineral genesis is factored in, the number of “mineral kinds” — a newly-coined term — totals more than 10,500, a number about 75 per cent greater than the roughly 6,000 mineral species recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) on the basis of crystal structure and chemical composition alone.

“This work fundamentally changes our view of the diversity of minerals on the planet,” says Hazen, Staff Scientist with the Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington DC.

“For example, more than 80 per cent of earth’s minerals were mediated by water, which is, therefore, fundamentally important to mineral diversity on this planet. By extension, this explains one of the key reasons why the moon and mercury and even mars have far fewer mineral species than the earth.”

“The work also tells us something very profound about the role of biology,” he adds. “One third of earth’s minerals could not have formed without biology — shells and bones and teeth, or microbes, for example, or the vital indirect role of biology, such as by creating an oxygen-rich atmosphere that led to 2,000 minerals that wouldn’t have formed otherwise.”

“Each mineral specimen has a history. Each tells a story. Each is a time capsule that reveals earth’s past as nothing else can.”

According to the paper, nature created 40 per cent of earth’s mineral species in more than one way — for example, both abiotically and with a helping hand from cells — and in several cases used more than 15 different recipes to produce the same crystal structure and chemical composition.

Of the 5,659 recognized mineral species surveyed by Hazen and colleagues, nine came into being via 15 or more different physical, chemical and/or biological processes — everything from near-instantaneous formation by lightning or meteor strikes, to changes caused by water-rock interactions or transformations at high pressures and temperature spanning hundreds of millions of years.

And, as if to show she has a sense of humour, nature has used 21 different ways over the last 4.5 billion years to create pyrite (aka Fool’s Gold) — the mineral world’s champion of diverse origins.

Pyrite forms at high temperature and low, with and without water, with the help of microbes and in harsh environments where life plays no role whatsoever.

Composed of one part iron to two parts sulfide (FeS2), pyrite is derived and delivered via meteorites, volcanoes, hydrothermal deposits, by pressure between layers of rock, near-surface rock weathering, microbially-precipitated deposits, several mining-associated processes, including coal mine fires, and many other means.

To reach their conclusions, Hazen and Morrison built a database of every known process of formation of every known mineral.

Relying on large, open-access mineral databases, amplified by thousands of primary research articles on the geology of mineral localities around the world, they identified 10,556 different combinations of minerals and modes of formation, detailed in the paper, “On the paragenetic modes of minerals: A mineral evolution perspective.”

Crime

ED conducts raids in Rs 200-crore bank fraud, benami assets case linked to Sasikala

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ED

Chennai, Sep 18: The Enforcement Directorate (ED) on Thursday launched extensive searches in Chennai and Hyderabad in connection with a money laundering probe into an alleged Rs 200 crore bank fraud and benami property dealings linked to V. K. Sasikala, the confidante of late Tamil Nadu Chief Minister J. Jayalalithaa.

Officials confirmed that the searches covered at least ten locations across the two cities.

The premises, according to the source, are connected to a businessman who has been identified as an alleged benami of Sasikala. The raids were conducted under the provisions of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).

The investigation stems from a case registered by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), which had earlier filed an FIR over what it described as fraudulent banking transactions running into hundreds of crores.

Acting on this, the ED initiated its own money laundering probe to trace the flow of funds and identify properties suspected to have been acquired through illegal means or in the names of benami holders.

Sources said officials are seizing documents, financial records, property deeds and electronic evidence from the searched locations. These materials will be examined to establish links between the bank fraud and assets allegedly concealed through benami arrangements.

While the extent of seizures is not yet clear, officials indicated that the raids were aimed at unearthing the full scale of transactions connected to the case.

The action once again puts Sasikala back in the spotlight. A key player in Tamil Nadu politics for decades, she has previously faced allegations and legal battles over disproportionate assets.

The ED’s current move revives scrutiny into her financial networks, particularly through associates and business entities suspected to have acted as fronts.

Investigators are likely to expand the probe depending on the findings from the ongoing searches. If evidence of laundering or concealment is confirmed, assets may be provisionally attached under PMLA, and further charges could follow.

The raids have drawn political attention as well, with observers noting that the timing and the scale of the operation underscore the central agency’s renewed focus on high-profile economic offences in Tamil Nadu.

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National News

Lalu Yadav, Rabri Devi, Tejashwi Yadav cannot develop Bihar: Amit Shah

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Patna, Sep 18: Union Home Minister Amit Shah on Thursday targeted the RJD national President Lalu Prasad Yadav and said he or the other leaders in his family cannot develop Bihar.

“Lalu Yadav, Rabri Devi, and Tejashwi Yadav cannot develop Bihar,” he said. Adding that the stronger the NDA, the more prosperous Bihar will be.

Attacking the opposition over corruption, Shah said, “Lalu Prasad Yadav cannot do in his entire life what the NDA has delivered for Bihar in these years. They gave scams — fodder scam, land-for-jobs scam, jail scam. On one side is their corrupt government when they were in power, and on the other side is the Modi government, which has no stain of corruption.”

Addressing a meeting of selected party workers from 10 districts in Dehri, Rohtas, the Union Home Minister asserted that, unlike other parties where leaders win elections, in the BJP, it is the workers who ensure victory.

He said that people of Bihar had already seen the rule of the RJD and its allies, but prosperity never comes from a reign of extortion and murder.

Urging youth to support the NDA, he said, “If today’s youth want to move forward and walk on the path of development, there is only one way — strengthen the NDA government in the upcoming elections.”

Shah asked party workers to work towards securing victory for 80 per cent of NDA candidates in the region.

Targeting Congress leader Rahul Gandhi’s Voter Adhikar Yatra, Shah dubbed it a ‘Save the Infiltrators’ campaign.

He questioned, “Should infiltrators get ration cards, Ayushman cards, or voting rights?”

Highlighting the achievements of the Nitish Kumar government, he said 125 units of electricity are now being provided free of cost, and social pension amounts have been increased.

Shah urged workers to take the NDA’s message to every household, asserting that the future of Bihar lies with the NDA.

Amit Shah praised Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s dedication, saying that in his 24 years as Prime Minister and Chief Minister, he has not taken a single day of leave.

In a veiled dig at Congress leader Rahul Gandhi, Shah added, “On the other hand, there is a person who goes abroad every six months for vacation.”

Shah highlighted the NDA government’s achievements.

“Our government launched Operation Sindoor, carried out airstrikes to teach lessons to the enemy country, things that never happened before. We have built the Ram temple in Ayodhya, and a grand Goddess Sita temple is coming up in Sitamarhi. The slabs of GST have been reduced, which will immensely benefit the common people of Bihar,” he said.

Acknowledging setbacks in the Shahabad region, Shah admitted that the BJP-NDA did not perform well in the 2020 Assembly polls, but urged party workers to work harder this time.

“Go to every doorstep and inform people about the double-engine government’s measures. We need better performance in Shahabad and Magadh regions to win 80 per cent of Bihar’s seats and form a majority government in the state,” he said.

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Business

Stock market rises for 3rd consecutive day on US Fed rate cut, buying in IT sector

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Mumbai, Sep 18: The Indian equity indices extended the gaining momentum for the third consecutive session on Thursday amid buying in IT stocks after the US Fed announced a rate cut.

Sensex closed at 83,013.96, up 320.25 points or 0.39 per cent.

The 30-share index opened with a decent gap-up at 83,108.92 against the last session’s closing of 82,693.71 after the US Fed announced a rate cut. However, the index remained range-bound throughout the session amid a mixed approach across sectors except IT.

Nifty ended the session at 25,423.60, up 93.35 points or 0.37 per cent.

“Global equities traded in the green after the U.S. Federal Reserve cut rates by 25 bps to 4–4.25 per cent and signalled two more reductions this year to cushion rising job market risks. Mirroring the upbeat global sentiment, Indian markets opened with a positive gap-up and maintained a sideways trajectory through the first half of the session,” Ashika Institutional Equities said in a note.

Eternal, Sun Pharma, Infosys, HDFC Bank, PowerGrid, HCL Tech, ITC, Hindustan Unilever, Tata Steel, Axis Bank and Bajaj FinServ settled high amid the Sensex stocks. Bajaj Finance, Tata Motors, Trent, Ultratech Cement, and Asian Paints ended the session in negative territory.

The majority of sectoral indices remained in green amid value buying. Nifty Fin Services jumped 135 points or 0.51 per cent, Nifty Bank rose 234 points or 0.42 per cent, Nifty Auto moved up 34 points or 0.13 per cent, Nifty FMCG jumped up 201 points or 0.36 per cent, and Nifty IT surged 303 points or 0.83 per cent.

Broader indices continued their bullish run amid buying in midcap and small-cap stocks. Nifty Small Cap 100 jumped 53 points or 0.29 per cent, Nifty Midcap 100 increased 224 points or 0.38 per cent, and Nifty 100 ended the session 91 points or 0.35 per cent high.

“Rupee closed weaker by 0.26 at 88.09 despite the dollar index staying soft post-Fed policy, where a rate cut was announced but forward guidance remained mixed as the roadmap for further cuts was unclear and data-dependent on jobs,” said Jateen Trivedi of LKP Securities.

The rupee failed to gain as FII sentiment remained cautious, while ongoing India-US trade talks will be the next key trigger. Support for the rupee lies near 87.75, while resistance is seen at 88.25, he added.

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