National News
15-year study details origins, diversity of every known mineral
												A 15-year study led by the Carnegie Institution for Science details the origins and diversity of every known mineral on the Earth, a landmark body of work that will help reconstruct the history of life on the earth, guide the search for new minerals and ore deposits, predict possible characteristics of future life, and aid the search for habitable planets and extraterrestrial life.
In twin papers published by American Mineralogist and sponsored in part by NASA, Carnegie scientists Robert Hazen and Shaunna Morrison detail a novel approach to clustering (lumping) kindred species of minerals together or splitting off new species based on when and how they originated.
Once mineral genesis is factored in, the number of “mineral kinds” — a newly-coined term — totals more than 10,500, a number about 75 per cent greater than the roughly 6,000 mineral species recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) on the basis of crystal structure and chemical composition alone.
“This work fundamentally changes our view of the diversity of minerals on the planet,” says Hazen, Staff Scientist with the Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington DC.
“For example, more than 80 per cent of earth’s minerals were mediated by water, which is, therefore, fundamentally important to mineral diversity on this planet. By extension, this explains one of the key reasons why the moon and mercury and even mars have far fewer mineral species than the earth.”
“The work also tells us something very profound about the role of biology,” he adds. “One third of earth’s minerals could not have formed without biology — shells and bones and teeth, or microbes, for example, or the vital indirect role of biology, such as by creating an oxygen-rich atmosphere that led to 2,000 minerals that wouldn’t have formed otherwise.”
“Each mineral specimen has a history. Each tells a story. Each is a time capsule that reveals earth’s past as nothing else can.”
According to the paper, nature created 40 per cent of earth’s mineral species in more than one way — for example, both abiotically and with a helping hand from cells — and in several cases used more than 15 different recipes to produce the same crystal structure and chemical composition.
Of the 5,659 recognized mineral species surveyed by Hazen and colleagues, nine came into being via 15 or more different physical, chemical and/or biological processes — everything from near-instantaneous formation by lightning or meteor strikes, to changes caused by water-rock interactions or transformations at high pressures and temperature spanning hundreds of millions of years.
And, as if to show she has a sense of humour, nature has used 21 different ways over the last 4.5 billion years to create pyrite (aka Fool’s Gold) — the mineral world’s champion of diverse origins.
Pyrite forms at high temperature and low, with and without water, with the help of microbes and in harsh environments where life plays no role whatsoever.
Composed of one part iron to two parts sulfide (FeS2), pyrite is derived and delivered via meteorites, volcanoes, hydrothermal deposits, by pressure between layers of rock, near-surface rock weathering, microbially-precipitated deposits, several mining-associated processes, including coal mine fires, and many other means.
To reach their conclusions, Hazen and Morrison built a database of every known process of formation of every known mineral.
Relying on large, open-access mineral databases, amplified by thousands of primary research articles on the geology of mineral localities around the world, they identified 10,556 different combinations of minerals and modes of formation, detailed in the paper, “On the paragenetic modes of minerals: A mineral evolution perspective.”
Crime
Bombay High Court Grants Bail To 65-Year-Old Accused In 2011 Mumbai Triple Blasts Case

Mumbai: The Bombay High Court on Tuesday granted bail to Kafeel Ahmed Mohammed Ayub, 65, who was arrested thirteen years ago in connection with the July 13, 2011 triple blasts case that killed 27 persons and injured 127.
A bench of Justices Ajey Gadkari and RR Bhonsale granted bail to Ayub on a surety of Rs one lakh. A detailed order copy is awaited. At present, he is lodged at the Mumbai Central prison.
Ayub had approached the HC after his bail plea was rejected by the special court in 2022.
Ayub, a resident of Bihar, was arrested in February 2012 and has been in custody since then.
On July 13, 2011, Mumbai was rocked by three blasts — at Zaveri Bazaar, Opera House and near a school in Dadar Kabutarkhana close to the railway station — in a span on 10 minutes.
The probe was handed over to the state Anti Terrorism Squad (ATS) police. It alleged that terror outfit Indian Mujahideen (IM) had orchestrated the blasts and the main conspirator was its founder Yasin Bhatkal. Eleven persons are facing trial in the case.
According to the ATS, Ayub and the other accused in the case were indoctrinating Muslim youths to carry out terror acts at the behest of IM. It further claimed that Ayub was in close contact with Yasin Bhatkal, who is alleged to be the main conspirator, and is still absconding.
Ayub’s advocate Mubin Solkar argued that Ayub has been languishing in jail for over a decade. The prosecution has said it would examine 800 witnesses, and not a single witness has been examined yet, his plea contended.
His plea claimed that he is innocent and implicated in the case. Moreover, the prosecution has no evidence against him except his own confession which he said was not given voluntarily.
National News
‘Smriti Mandhana, Jemimah Rodrigues & Radha Yadav To Be Honoured By Maharashtra Govt After Historic ICC Women’s World Cup Win’: CM Devendra Fadnavis

Mumbai: India continues to celebrate a historic sporting milestone after the national women’s cricket team clinched their maiden ICC Women’s World Cup title, defeating South Africa by 52 runs in a thrilling final at Navi Mumbai’s DY Patil Stadium on November 2.
Applauding the team’s outstanding achievement, Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis, on Tuesday, announced that the state cabinet had passed a motion of appreciation to honour the champions. “Our women’s team performed exceptionally at the ICC Women’s World Cup and won the tournament for the first time. For 25 years, only three countries had dominated it and for the first time, the world has found a new winner,” said Fadnavis.
He further added that the Maharashtra government has approved a proposal to felicitate three players from the state, Smriti Mandhana, Jemimah Rodrigues and Radha Yadav, who played a crucial role in India’s title-winning campaign. “The cabinet has warmly congratulated the team for their historic achievement,” Fadnavis said, commending the athletes for inspiring a new generation of sportspersons.
Reports also suggest that Prime Minister Narendra Modi is expected to meet the victorious team on Wednesday, November 5, to personally congratulate them. However, there has been no official confirmation from the Prime Minister’s Office.
Addressing the Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC) 2025 earlier yesterday, PM Modi lauded the women’s team for their trailblazing success. “This event is about science, but first, I must talk about India’s spectacular victory in cricket. All of India is overjoyed with this success. This is India’s first Women’s World Cup, and we are proud of you. Your victory will inspire millions of young people across the country,” the Prime Minister said.
The Indian team displayed remarkable skill and resilience in the high-stakes final. After being asked to bat first, they posted a formidable total of 299 runs. South Africa began their chase confidently but crumbled under pressure, getting bowled out for 246 in 45.3 overs.
Following the landmark win, the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) announced a Rs 51-crore cash reward for the players and support staff. BCCI Secretary Devajit Saikia hailed the victory as a monumental achievement that will take Indian women’s cricket to a new level.
National News
Bihar elections: As phase 1 campaign ends today, Tejashwi Yadav makes new promises

Patna, Nov 4: The election activity is intensifying in Bihar, with campaigning for the first phase of polling set to end at 5 p.m. on Tuesday. Before the silence period kicks in, Mahagathbandhan’s Chief Ministerial candidate Tejashwi Yadav on Tuesday made a series of major announcements at a press conference in Patna.
Tejashwi Yadav said that if the Grand Alliance forms the government, women will receive the entire Rs 30,000 annual assistance under the ‘Mai Bahin Maan Yojana’ in one single instalment (Rs 2,500 per month), which will be transferred directly to their bank accounts on January 14 — the day of Makar Sankranti.
He said this would ensure direct economic support to women.
Tejashwi also announced that Jeevika Didis (women self-help group members) and community mobilisers will be made permanent employees and given a monthly honorarium.
Interest on loans taken by these groups will be waived entirely, and each Jeevika Didi will get insurance cover of Rs 5 lakh, he said.
He added that if his government comes to power, the Old Pension Scheme (OPS) will be restored — benefitting teachers, health workers and police personnel.
Addressing a long-pending demand of employees, Tejashwi said postings would be ensured within 70 km of a worker’s home district.
He cited the example of nurses and government staff posted hundreds of kilometres away, leading to financial and family hardships.
The OPS offers assured post-retirement pension benefits to government employees.
Tejashwi Yadav has made a series of promises in his election manifesto called “Tejashwi’s pledge”, including government jobs for one member of every family, 200 units of free electricity, free electricity for farmers for irrigation purposes, and Jeevika Didis and contractual employees will be made permanent.
Campaigning for the first phase of elections — covering 121 seats across 18 districts — ends at 5 p.m. Voting will take place on November 6, and the result will come out on November 14.
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