Business
The A, B, C of Startup Funding
It is not uncommon for startups to engage in what is known as “seed” funding or angel investor funding at the outset, as per Investopedia.
Next, these funding rounds can be followed by Series A, B and C, as well as additional efforts to earn capital as well, if appropriate.
Series A, B and C are necessary ingredients for a business that decides bootstrapping, or merely surviving off of the generosity of friends, family and the depth of their own pockets, will not suffice, as per Investopedia.
The path for each startup is somewhat different, as is the timeline for funding. Many businesses spend months or even years in search of funding, while others (particularly those with ideas seen as truly revolutionary or those attached to individuals with a proven track record of success) may bypass some of the rounds of funding and move through the process of building capital more quickly.
Series A, B and C funding rounds are merely stepping stones in the process of turning an ingenious idea into a revolutionary global company, ripe for an IPO, Investopedia said.
How Funding Works
Before exploring how a round of funding works, it’s necessary to identify the different participants. First, there are the individuals hoping to gain funding for their company. As the business becomes increasingly mature, it tends to advance through the funding rounds; it’s common for a company to begin with a seed round and continue with A, B and then C funding rounds, as per Investopedia.
On the other side are potential investors. While investors wish for businesses to succeed because they support entrepreneurship and believe in the aims and causes of those businesses, they also hope to gain something back from their investment. For this reason, nearly all investments made during one or another stage of developmental funding is arranged such that the investor or investing company retains partial ownership of the company. If the company grows and earns a profit, the investor will be rewarded commensurate with the investment made.
Before any round of funding begins, analysts undertake a valuation of the company in question. Valuations are derived from many different factors, including management, proven track record, market size and risk. One of the key distinctions between funding rounds has to do with the valuation of the business, as well as its maturity level and growth prospects.
Pre-Seed Funding
The earliest stage of funding a new company comes so early in the process that it is not generally included among the rounds of funding at all. Known as “pre-seed” funding, this stage typically refers to the period in which a company’s founders are first getting their operations off the ground. The most common “pre-seed” funders are the founders themselves, as well as close friends, supporters and family, according to Investopedia.
Seed Funding
Seed funding is the first official equity funding stage. It typically represents the first official money that a business venture or enterprise raises. Some companies never extend beyond seed funding into Series A rounds or beyond, Investopedia said.
Business
Adani Enterprises, Jabil plan to build mega AI, data centre infra platform in India

New Delhi, Oct 13: Adani Enterprises Limited (AEL) and global engineering, supply chain and manufacturing company Jabil Inc. on Tuesday said they have signed a non-binding Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for a proposed 50:50 joint venture to manufacture and assemble artificial intelligence (AI) and data centre equipment in India.
The MoU follows the June 2026 announcement of Adani Group and Jabil’s intent to establish a strategic alliance to develop an AI and data centre infrastructure manufacturing ecosystem in India.
“The AI revolution will demand far more than just breakthroughs in algorithms. It will require an entire new industrial architecture where energy, hyperscale infrastructure, advanced computing and precision manufacturing converge to power the intelligence economy,” Adani Group Chairman Gautam Adani said.
At Adani, “our vision is to expand up the AI value chain evolving from powering and hosting AI infrastructure to engineering and manufacturing the critical systems that will define the next generation of computing”, the billionaire industrialist said.
According to a statement, the proposed joint venture remains subject to execution of definitive agreements, receipt of applicable approvals, and satisfaction of customary conditions.
“Our proposed joint venture with Jabil marks a strategic step towards this future, combining Jabil’s world-class engineering and manufacturing capabilities with Adani’s integrated strengths in energy, infrastructure and data centres to help build the physical backbone of the global AI economy,” said Gautam Adani.
The venture would provide a manufacturing base in India to serve domestic demand and support exports.
The companies estimate the global market opportunity at more than $3 trillion over the next seven years, driven by investment in AI computing.
“The signing of this MoU is the next step forward in our shared efforts to establish a scaled AI infrastructure manufacturing platform in India, a market we believe will become increasingly important for both domestic and global AI infrastructure demand,” Jabil Inc. Chief Executive Officer Mike Dastoor said.
“Integrating Jabil’s 60 years of engineering and manufacturing expertise with Adani’s significant infrastructure and energy capabilities, we can bring our rack-level data centre solutions to more hyperscalers in India and around the world,” he added.
The venture is aligned with Adani Group’s $100 billion commitment to develop 5 GW of green-energy-powered, hyperscale AI-ready data centres by 2035. The proposed venture would add hardware manufacturing to the Group’s presence across infrastructure, energy, logistics and data centres.
The joint venture would manufacture and assemble AI racks, servers, storage and networking equipment used in data centres. The racks would house high-performance computing systems for AI applications and other digital services, the statement said.
Business
Sensex, Nifty open flat; IT and realty stocks lead gains

Mumbai, Oct 13: India equity benchmark indices opened flat on Tuesday amid buying in IT and realty sector shares.
At the opening bell, Sensex was at 71,951.73, up 27.05 points or 0.04 per cent. Meanwhile, Nifty began trading session at 22,364.15, up 0.80 points or flat.
Sector-wise, Nifty IT, Nifty Midsmall IT & Telecom and Nifty Realty jumped up to up 2 per cent. Nifty PSU Bank was up 0.31 per cent, Nifty FMCG up 0.22 per cent and Nifty Oil & Gas up 0.20 per cent.
On the downside, healthcare and pharmaceuticals shares witnessed selling pressure as Nifty Midsmall Healthcare fell, Nifty 500 Healthcare, Nifty Pharma and Nifty Healthcare declined up to 0.75 per cent.
Market experts said there are no triggers to change ongoing trend of sustained FII selling and DII buying in the cash market.
But with the US 10-year bond yield above 5.2 per cent, FIIs are likely to continue selling in cash market. With net inflows into mutual funds touching a record high of Rs 38,307 crore in September, DIIs will continue to absorb selling from FIIs, experts said.
Moreover, CPI inflation at 5.54 per cent came on expected lines with food inflation at 7.74 per cent and Brent above $100. A rate hike by the RBI in December is a foregone conclusion and will be margin accretive for banks, they added.
Technical analysts said recovery construct has weakened significantly, but day will start with hopes of bounce back as yesterday’s slippage paused without breaking the recent low.
Such an upmove would need to push beyond 22,435 to signal strength, inability to do so could pave way for drop to 22,070-21,900, they said.
Additionally, Asian equities traded lower as AI rally came under fresh pressure ahead of key earnings season.
Nasdaq ended lower on Monday as oil prices surged following attacks on Saudi airport, while investors awaited start of third-quarter bank earnings and key economic data this week.
Business
Indian equity markets open higher amid positive global cues

Mumbai, Oct 12: Domestic equity benchmark indices opened higher on Monday amid positive factors like gains in Asian markets and a decline in crude oil prices.
Nifty began trading session at 22,593.20, up 72.75 points or 0.32 per cent.
Meanwhile, Sensex opened at 72,771.32, up 298.99 points or 0.41 per cent.
In early deals, mostly sectoral indices were trading in positive territory. Nifty Media, Nifty Auto and Nifty Chemicals jumped up to 1 per cent.
Similarly, Nifty Realty, Nifty Oil & Gas, Nifty Cement, Nifty Metal and Nifty IT surged between 0.81 per cent to 0.64 per cent. However, other sectoral indices were also trading marginally higher.
On the downside, Nifty PSU Bank just slipped 0.01 per cent.
Market experts said external headwinds are dominating domestic tailwinds, adding that the market is going through a stage wherein external headwinds are dominating domestic tailwinds.
Elevated crude prices and high US bond yields will continue to impact market. FIIs will continue to sell in the near term, and DIIs will continue to absorb FII selling, according to them.
Moreover, an impressive GDP growth estimate of 7.1 per cent for FY27 and improving corporate profitability provide strong fundamental support to the market, the experts said.
“Therefore, investors can accumulate fairly valued growth stocks ignoring uncertainty and volatility in market. For investors with medium-to-long-term horizon, this market provides value buying opportunities. Patience is key,” they added.
They further noted that if crude declines sharply following favourable developments in the Middle East, the market can rally significantly from current levels.
Technically, Friday’s bounce and inside bar formation set up an environment for a rise to 22,800-23,200. However, inability to close above 22,575 will keep trend within bear grip. Downside marker for day may be kept at 22,295, Friday’s reaction low, another analyst said.
In addition, asian markets opened cautiously today in early hours as investors braced for earnings season which could test elevated technology valuations.
Oil prices eased on prospects of higher Russian supplies following agreement to halt attacks on energy facilities.
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